1815-1848

Revolutions﻿ 1815-1848  ﻿By: Owen Martin & Nick Muccio   Ap European Midterm Review   January 2011 Notable events of the Revolutions: ﻿1815- The defeat of Napoleon and signing of the peace treaty at Vienna, finally ending the French revolution. 1819-"Peterloo Massacre" suppresses protesting English workers in Manchester, that were intending to reform parliamentary representations. 1819-Metternichs "carlsbad Decrees" Condemed secret societies looking to unify german states and imposing an effective check on the growth of liberal and nationalist ideas in Germany. 1820- Congress of Troppau calls for international action against all revolutions. 1825-Decembrists revolt of military officers is put down in Russia. 1829-Steam locomotive is tested safely in England advancing the industrial revolution. ﻿1830-July revolution in France forces abdication of Charles X; Louis-philippe becomes king. 1831-Russia suppresses national movement in Poland. 1832-Reform Bill widdens British suffrage; alters representation in parliament. 1839-Louis Blanc's Organization of Work promotes new revolutionary socialist ideas.

1846-Repeal of Corn Laws marks ascendancy of British Industrial revolutionary interests. Revolutions and Counterrevolutionary Forces of 1848: 
 * Revolution in Paris; proclamation of the second French republic.
 * Revolution in Vienna, Berlin, Bohemia, and Hungary; Metternich flees from Vienna to England.
 * Counterrevolutionary forces regain control of Austrian empire: Bohemia, nothern Italy, Hungary, Vienna.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 250%;">﻿People: <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">

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Political/Military
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">The industrial revolution occurred first in England because of certain political advantages like earlier commercial and naval success in England causing for an expansion of world markets.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">The political motivations connected to the defeat of Napoleon and the peace treaty of Vienna opened a door to revolutionaries.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">A large presence of newly defined individual rights made it so individuals could act progressive by taking action to those that previously prevented them from revolutionizing or counter reacting.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Unified nations that turned to Nationalism like Germany and Italy caused the formation of secret societies that had an interest in revolutionizing or to counter react.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">The Political aspect of sovereign nations began to blend with the Cultural aspects of nations that represented both language and traditions.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Leaders like Charles X emerged being completely reactionary to liberalist advances.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">During this time period Conservatism remained strong through absolute monarchy and aristocracy.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Strong conservatives like Metternich believed that institutions needed to gradually pursue change and not take overly aggressive revolutionary actions.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">The so called “White Terror” was the opposition the progress of liberals seeking revolution. This is where Conservatives, Bonapartists, and Protestants got their reactionary outlook.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">The Peterloo Massacre was caused by working classes looking to reform the parliamentary representation of Government. The military took action at the rioters to withhold social order.

Social/Economical:


 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Agricultural Revolution in Britain: Land owners want to experiment with new forms of agriculture but cannot due to Old Village System. Squirearchy needs Parliament to pass reform bill on agriculture giving private property rights.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Economic growth in England inhibited by old-village system. Encolsure Act fenced in open fields and common lands. Wealthy land owners control agriculture. Farmers can do as they see fit with own land (Use and create new innovations).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">The Corn Law in Britain, which was a trade tariff on agricultural imports, restricted British trade and kept food prices high.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Anti-Corn Law league was established. It was a coalition comprised of the middle and working class who were upset by the high food prices it created. Factory workers were also coalition members, the movement was led by Whigs (Liberals).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Britain: Established huge mercantile marine. Markets throughout Europe and Americas. Need to be able to produce products at a faster rate such as wool and cottons.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Industrial Revolution: First to occur in Britain. Change of production methods from hand tools to power machinery. Enables much faster production with capital.

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 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Inventions:


 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Fly shuttle- John Kay, only one person required to weave cloth on a loom.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Spinning Jenny- Enables more efficient production of yarn.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Water frame- Richard Arkwright- Multiple spinning threads, water powered at first, then by steam.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Cotton gin- Eli Whitney, Greatly reduces speed at which cotton can be produced.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Steam engine- Thomas Newcomen, means of powering machinery. Improved by Matthew Boulton and James Watt.

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 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Creation of mills (factories): Buildings in which workers produced goods with capital machinery.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Mills call for unskilled labour. Women and children work for low pay. Work conditions are terrible.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Rapid population growth in England (10 million to 30 million). New highly populated industry towns such as Manchester arise. Trouble dealing with sanitation, police protection and waste treatment.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Adam Smith writes Wealth of Nations. Promotes Laissez-Faire economics (Let them do as they see fit).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Cotton Lords are factory owners. Usually achieve status through own work effort and intelligence.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Zollverein- Economic union of German states created by Prussia.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Feminists create a formal movement. Egalitarians, writers and activists looking for new political rights. English feminists, Philosophical radicals following Robert Owen. French feminists, stressed differences between men and women.

<span style="color: #0077ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Cultural/Intellectual

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Romanticism

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">· Some primary romanticists- William Wadsworth, Lord Byron, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Victor Hugo, Friedrich von Schiller. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">· Love of unclassifiable. Moods, impressions, unknown. Things that cannot be explained in any specific detail. Appreciate middle Ages. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">· Emphasis on feeling and reason. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">· Gothic revival. Exemplified through British Parliament buildings of the 1830’s. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">· Genius- A dynamic spirit of an individual or nation that cannot be analyzed. Could be the Volksgeist of a people. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">· Romantics found in all camps of the political spectrum.

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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Nationalism <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">· Ideas developed by Herder placed strong emphasis on cultural aspects of a nation. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">· Volksgeist: A German term coined by Herder. Emphasizes a culture’s differences from other cultures. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">· Persons of same national language should fall under same government.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Slavic Revival <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">· Slavs include Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Byelorussians Ruthenians, Czechs, and Slovaks. South Slavs include Slovenes, Croats, Serbs and Bulgars. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">· Grammars of Slavic nations created. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">· Slavic books, songs, poems and other literatures are produced. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">· Russian Slavophilism: Alexander I declares that Russia should remain uncorrupted by influence of western European nations.