1919-1945+(D)+WWII


 * 1919** **-1945** World War II

World War II     1930s-1941

Amelia Greenberg

**__Timeline Overview __**

** 1935 **—Mussolini launches an Italian invasion and conquest of Ethiopia **March ** **1936**—German troops enter Rhineland; France and Britain do not intervene **July ** **1936**—Fascist groups under General Franco in Spain rise against the Spanish Republic; Franco takes power after three-year Civil War **March ** **1938**—Hitler annexes Austria to Nazi Germany **September ** **1938**—French and British leaders meet with Hitler in Munich and accept German takeover of Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia **August ** **1939**—Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact includes plan for division of Poland **September **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **1939**—__Nazi invasion of Poland begins the Second World War__ **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">May-June **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **1940**—Nazis conquer the Netherlands, Belgium, and France **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">July **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **1940**—French collaborators set up a pro-fascist regime in Vichy **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">September **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **1940**—German air attacks on Britain are repelled in Battle of Britain **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">June **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **1941**—Germany launches massive invasion of the Soviet Union **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">December **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **1941**—Japanese attack on U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor brings the United States into war with Japan and then Germany

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Background __**

· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The conditions decided upon after World War I left Great Britain, France, and the United States satisfied, but the “revisionist” powers (Germany, Italy, Japan, and the U.S.S.R.) were not. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Devastating losses during WWI left France, Great Britain, and the U.S. hesitant to use military strength for peace. France, particularly hard-struck, developed the Maginot Line, a series of fortifications along their border with Germany, as a defensive measure. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Allied powers used the appeasement policy. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain became the principal architect. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1934, the Soviets joined the League of Nations looking for security.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Nazi/Fascist Aggression __**

· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Germany and Poland signed a nonaggression treaty in 1934. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In March 1935, Hitler went against Versailles treaty and openly began building military forces. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">March 1936: Hitler repudiated the Locarno agreements by sending troops into the Rhineland. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">March 1938: the //Anschluss// (union between Austria and Germany) occurs. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia and defeated Ethiopia in 1936.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Spanish Civil War __**

· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1936-1939 · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In February 1936 elections, the Left came to power at the polls. The Left groups joined together in a Popular Front. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In July 1936, Francisco Franco led an insurrection against the Republican government. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Franco came to power in March 1939. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1936—Hitler and Mussolini had the idea of the Rome-Berlin Axis. Also 1936, Japan signed with Germany an Anti-Comintern Pact, ratified shortly afterwards by Italy. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1937—Japan occupied Chinese capital, the “rape of Nanjing.”

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Munich Crisis: Climax of Appeasement __**

· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Diverse Czechoslovakian population, nearly a third Germans. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Hitler determined to take over, mobilized for war. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">War narrowly avoided after Hitler invited Chamberlain and Daladier (French premier) to a conference in Munich with himself and Mussolini. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Munich Agreement: permitted Germany to annex part of Bohemia with German citizens.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">End of Appeasement __**

· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">March 1939 Hitler entered the rest of Czechoslovakia · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">August 1939—the Nazi-Soviet Pact was signed.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Nazi Europe, 1939-1940 __**

· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Attack on Poland, //Luftwaffe// and //Blitzkrieg// · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">April 1940—Germans overran Norway, soon followed by Denmark. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">May 1940—Germans struck at the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">June 1940—evacuation of Allied troops from Dunkirk. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Hitler moved into Paris and Verdun before France sued for peace. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Vichy France in power, led by Petain and Laval. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Mussolini attacked France (June 1940), then moved into Greece and against the British in Africa.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Battle of Britain and American Aid __**

· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">May 1940—Churchill replaces Chamberlain. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">America was “neutral” until Roosevelt decided to fight for the Four Freedoms and provided 50 destroyers for Britain. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">America adopted Lend-Lease policy and began building its military resources. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Summer and Fall of 1940 air attack on Britain, but Germany never won Britain.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Nazi Invasion of Russia: Russian Front __**

· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1941-1942 · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Hitler takes Balkans · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Hitler failed to take Moscow, focused instead on Stalingrad.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Allied Dismay: Russia, North Africa, the Pacific __**

· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1942 the Axis army, led by Rommel, entered Egypt. British stopped them at El Alamein. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">December 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam, Midway, Hong Kong, and Malaya. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Within a few days in December 1941, Britain and U.S. declared war on Japan, then Germany, Italy, and Axis puppet states declared war and the U.S.   · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">German submarines sinking Allied ships.

**World War Two**: 1942-1951
Jane Symmes

Timline Overview:
 * 1942:** Allied powers ( U.S.S.R, Britain, U.S, France) were now alighned against the axis powers. Named United Nations by FDR. . Nazi leaders launch plan to biild death camps for genocidal killing of European Jews and others.
 * February 1943**: Soviet foces deafeat the German decisive battle at Stalingrad
 * June 1944:** Allied armis open a "western front" in France after D-Day landings at Normandy.
 * February 1945:** Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin agree on postwar arrangements at meeting in Yalta.
 * May 1945**: Germany surrenders after Hitler commits suicide in Berlin
 * September 1945:** Japan Surrenders after the United States drops two atom bombs and the Soviet Union declares war on Japan.

__**United Nations:**__


 * 1942: Britain, France, U.S.S.R, U.S, join together against the axis powers. Britain and France win huge military coaliton at the battle of Midway, and Coral Sea.
 * All efforts turneed toward the war effort, turning industry into war materials.

__**Turning of the Tide, 1942-1943: Salingrad, North Africa, Sicily**__
 * 1942: British forces push germans away from Egypt, crushed large German forces in Tunisia. All threats in Africa ended.
 * 1942-43: Battle of Stalingrad: The counter attack on the Germans by the Soviets left German Army in desperation. Turning point of the war. A quarter of a million Germans lost in battle, more Soviet soldiers perished here than U.S soldiers who perished in the entire second world war.
 * 1942: Allied forces conquor Sicily, Mussolini falls from powere. The 21-year-old Fascist regime came to an end.

__**Allied Offensive in Europe: 1944-1945**__


 * June 1944: D-Day, invasion Normany beach by allied powers. Allied powers kept up a front, Germans fought back in Ardennes. Accepting wholesome surrenders in Ruhr Valley.
 * 1944: Russian armies swept Germans from the Ukraine, Byelorussia, Baltic States, Eastern Poland. Pushing Germany further and further back.
 * Hitler removes troops from western europe to try to keep power in East Germany. Russia defeated them, in turn took control of most of Eastern Europe.
 * 1945: Hitler commits suicide. Went through formalities of surrender with succesor Admiral Doenitz. The war in Europe was over.

__**The Holocaust:**__
 * To the "Jewish problem"....Genocide (planned systematic effort to destroy a whole people.) Carried out in death camps, or work camps.
 * "Most dangerous are the common man, ready to follow, without asking questions" Primo Levi
 * 6 million Jews murdered. Also millions of gypsies, handicapped, or those that did not fit in Ayran race.
 * 11 million murdured in total.

__**The Last Phase of the War in the Pasific: 1944-1945**__


 * 1945: Two atomic bombs dropped of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
 * September 2, 1945: The official surrender of Japan

__**The Foundations of the Peace**__
 * 1943: Casablanca, resolved to accept nothing less than unconditional surreder with Japan.
 * 1945: Yalta Conference: Made agreements on Poland, eastern Europe, the future of Germany, the war in Asia, and the post-war international organization, The Unitied Nations.
 * Poland and Eastern Europe: "Friendly agreement" i Poland liberated states were to be permited provisonal governments, no free elections in Soveiet control.
 * The United Nations were to hole security and to hole peace to the world
 * Potsdam Conference: Agreed on the treement of Germany. "denazification"- German disarment, demilitarization, and punishment of war crimes.
 * Germany Diveded: East of Oder-Neisse rivers was commited to Polish administration. German East Prussia was divided between the the north, and Poland in the sounth.
 * Peace treaties signed: Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Finland. Each paid reparations and agreed to cerain territorial adjustments.