1919-1945+(A)+U.S.S.R.

===  1919 -1945 Russian Revolution and U.S.S.R.    ===

AP European History Final Review
**Chronology of Notable Events** **﻿** **1905: Revolution and "Bloody Sunday" leads to Stolypin Reforms and establishment of Duma** **Mar. 1917: Food Riots, Provisional Government Established, Tsar Nicholas II abdicates, Soviets (worker's councils) were formed most notably in Petrograd** **Apr. 1917: V.I. Lenin returns to Russia and builds support amongst the Soviets** **Nov. 1917: Bolsheviks seize power and provisional government collapses** **Dec. 1917: Cheka (KGB) formed** **Jan. 1918: Duma dissolved, Red Army founded under war commisar Leon Trotsky** **﻿1918-1920: Russian Civil War between Bolseviks (Reds) and non-Communists (Whites)** **1918-1920: Bolshevik "Red Terror"** **March 1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ends Russia's role in WWI** **﻿1920: Comintern founded** **1920: Lenin's Twenty-One Points** **1921-1927: New Economic Policy** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**﻿1922: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Established** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1924: Lenin died and Joseph Stalin seizes power** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1927: Trotsky exiled for criticizing Stalin's policies as deviations from true socialism** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1928: First Five Year Plan instituted** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1929: Beginning of farm collectivization** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1933: Second Five Year Plan** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1934: Serge Kirov assassinated--used as an exuse for Stalin to start the "Great Terror"** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1936: New Soviet Constitution guarantees rights to employment, leisure, economic security, and many civil liberties** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1936-1937: Public Purge Trials of Old Bolsheviks** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1939: Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**June 1941: Germany launches massive invasion of USSR and USSR joins side of Allies in WWII** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1943: Comintern abolished as a gesture of good will towards the Allies** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1945: WWII ends and USSR emerges as a superpower** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**﻿**

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 180%;">Rulers ****﻿** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1894-1917: Tsar Nicholas II (he was the last tsar)** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**﻿1917: Provisional Government under Alexander Kerensky** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**﻿1917-1924: V. I. Lenin** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1924-1953: Joseph Stalin** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**﻿1922-1991: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics**

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 170%;">**﻿Time Period Summary**

**Political/Military:** **Economic/Social:** **Cultural/Intellectual:**
 * **Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra in power. Rasputin gained influence over them because he claimed he had the power to heal their son, who had hemophilia. His control separated Nicholas from his government and people.**
 * **March 1917**: **Duma sets up Provisional Government on March 14, run by Prince Lvov; assisted by Alexander Kerensky.**
 * **Lenin urges the Petrograd Soviet to pass Army Order #1: the Soviets control the army.**
 * **Tsar Nicholas II abdicates the throne, Russia becomes a Republic**
 * **Bolshevik Revolution, November 1917**
 * **Lenin returns to Petrograd; leads Bolsheviks**
 * **"Peace, Land, and Bread"**
 * **November 6, 1917: Bolsheviks take over telephone exchanges and railway stations. Troops fire at Winter Palace, where Kerensky's government sat.**
 * **1918: Duma is disbanded by Lenin**
 * **The Red Army is founded in January with Trotsky as war commissar. The Bolsheviks (Reds) fight against everyone else (Whites).**
 * **Lenin signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 3, ending Russia's role in WWI**
 * **The Bolshevik Party is renamed the Communist Party on March 18.**
 * **Civil War erupts between Communists (Reds) and non-Communists (Whites)**
 * **Red Terror: The bloody program was usually implemented by the Cheka and involved repressions of political enemies, peasants, and industrial workers. It was incredibly costly in terms of human life.**
 * **In 1919, the Russian Communists founded the Third (Communist) International, expecting the revolutionary tide to sweep across western Europe.**
 * **also known as Comintern**
 * **1922: USSR established under Lenin**
 * **Communist Party is the only acceptable leadership and dissent is punishable**
 * **Government began to supervise most parts of everyday life.**
 * **Censorship**
 * **1924: Lenin dies**
 * **Trotsky vs. Nikolai Bukharin**
 * **Trotsky led "Left Opposition" and wanted to stop the NEP**
 * **Bukharin led "Right Opposition" and wanted to continue the NEP**
 * **Purge Trials begin in the 1930s**
 * **Stalin begins to root out "Old Bolsheviks"**
 * **Lenin tries to adopt "war communism" during the Russian Civil War: nationalized some of the largest industrial enterprises but left the bulk under control of workers' committees. This economic plan for immediate socialism was not successful and was significantly damaging to the peasants.**
 * **Lenin begins the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921. This was a program of half socialism and half small-scale capitalism. This led to the emergence of a wealthier peasant class called the kulaks.**
 * **First Five Year plan established in 1928. This program involved in-depth central planning and was focused on rapid industrialization without the use of foreign loans and collectivization of agriculture.**
 * **In 1929, farm collectivization was implemented under the Plan. When peasants refused to give up their land, they we****re ruthlessly killed. Some farmers killed their livestock** **rather than** **give it up to the go**[[image:Petrusov-harvest.jpg width="360" height="236" align="right" caption="Collectivization"]]**vernment. Other farmers felt no desire to farm the coll****ective land and** [[image:file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Rachel/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.png]]**production fell, leading to a huge famine.** **The governm****ent often lied to the people about the success of the plan despite the obvious failure.**
 * **The Plan turned out to be a success in terms of modernization but a failure in terms of agricultural reform. The USSR industrialized extremely rapidly and was able to become self-sufficient.**
 * **Lead to the growth of a bureaucratic class which dealt with central planning**
 * **Low living standards despite industrial growth**
 * **Women's Rights increased**
 * **No free labor unions**
 * **Second Five Year Plan adopted in 1933 and showed the Soviet's continued intent on becoming self-sufficient and creating industries necessary for war production**
 * **Propaganda in art, literature, and science convinced the public that the system was successful and that better living conditions were imminent[[image:http://images.sodahead.com/polls/000982235/400px_Soviet_propaganda_answer_1_xlarge.jpeg width="233" height="350" align="right" caption="Soviet Propaganda"]]**
 * **No free press**
 * **Campaign to improve prerevolutinary literacy rates-example of the early Bolshevik aspirations for radical cultural changes**
 * **Sergei Eisenstein: creative film director; joined with avant-garde theatrical groups to create imaginative new techniques for editing films, portraying dramatic action, and representing political messages.**
 * //**Potemkin**// **(1925): famous film about the Russian Revolution in 1905**
 * **Some radical artists sought to combine "futurist" art with the socialist revolution.**
 * **Vladimir Mayakovsky: young Russian poet; innovative experiments with a new poetic language.**
 * **By the late 1920s the period of experimental art was over.**
 * **"socialist realism" celebrating beauty of "large factories and tractors"**
 * **Comintern: established in 1920 and was a forum for advocating communist revolution worldwde.**