1456-1517

Timeline
**Tudors** -1485-1603 **Valois** -1461-1483

**1386-1506**-14 universities developed **1456** -German bibles written **1469** – Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile Marry **1486**- Pico's 900 Thesis -claimed to summarize all human knowledge **1492**- Sulan Muhammad XI surrenders Muslim rule in Spain to Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. **1492** – Columbus sails to America. Jews and Moors are expelled from Spain. **1494**-French invasion of Italy destroys independent city states **1497** -Vasco da Gama voyages around the Cape of Good Hope for a sea route to India. **1502** – Wittenberg university founded. Where Martin Luther would launch his Protestant reformation **1509**- Henry VIII becomes King **1512**- Michelangelo completes Sistine Chapel frescoes in the Vatican **1513** –Machiavelli writes the prince **1516** – Concordat of Bologna. Agreement between Francis I and Pope Leo X <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Rescinded pragmatic sanction. Pope now received his “annates” but the French king would chose Bishops and abbots (major reason France did not turn to reformation. They already had much independence from the church) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**1517**- Martin Luther posts 95 Thesis

Rulers: ** England ** Henry VII 1485-1509 Henry VIII 1509-1547 France Charles VII -1483-1498 Louis XII- 1498-1515 Francis I -1515-1547 Spain Ferdinand and Isabella- 1479-1516 Austria Maximilian I 1493-1519

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">People:
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Copernicus (Niklas Koppernigk 1473-1543)** – Believed earth moved around the sun. Beleived that the sun was the center of the solar system and the universe. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Erasmus Of Rotterdam (1466-1536)-** Humanist Wrote in purified and intricate Latin style. Regarded the middle ages as benighted. He ridiculed scholastic Philosophers and studied classical writers of antiquity. He wrote“In Praise of Folly” in 1511. He attacked only the corruption of the church. He never questioned the essence or principal of the Roman Catholic church. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Vasco Da Gamma-** Portuguese navigator rounded Africa. Landed on Malabar Coast and found busy comercial population. Returned in 1502 with a fleet of 21 ships. War broke out between Portuguese and Arab merchants. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Machiavelli**- Wrote the Prince. Believed that effective rulers and governments acted only in their political interest. He believed that this behavior was bad but that is how successful rulers behave. Was thought to be unduly cynical. Preferred a republican government which citizens felt a patriotic attatchment too.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Leonardo Da Vinci- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> artist, engineer, and scientific thinker of the renaissance. Concieved the circulation of blood. Had achieved an accurate knowledge of anatomy. During his life he was seen only as an artist.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Terms:
"**Putting out System"-** to avoid restrictions in cities and towns they would "put out" work to people in the country and would provide them with looms and supplies. In 1496 dealers in Rouen took industy to the country, installed looms in peasants houses and farmed out work to peasants.
 * Cocordat of Bologna**-rescinded Pragmatic Sanction. The pope would receive his annates (money/income) but the king would appoint french bishops and abbots.
 * The Prince-** a handbook of statecraft which he hoped would help Italy.

Pictures
Erasmus of Rotterdam by Hans Holdbein, the Younger (1523) Copernicus (1473-1543) Ferdinand and Isabella (1469) An engraving of Leonardo da Vinci

A short clip on the Renaissance and Machiavelli's "The Prince" []