1871-1919+(C)+Imp&WWI


 * 1871-1919** Economy and Politics: Imperialism and WWI


 * Emergence of terms like "Western" and "Third World" or "Developing Country/Nation/Area etc"
 * **Imperialism**- the government of one people by another, also, colonialism
 * Started and spread by trade, many Europeans were constantly looking for foreign goods
 * Rapidly moved into developing areas, investing, cultivating, modernizing and establishing capital- driven by the need for raw materials (rubber, petrol, jute, coconut, cotton, coffee, cocoa, precious metals, coal etc)
 * European officials collaborated with the native leaders, through a "resident " or "commisioner" and sometimes even bribed them to maintain territorial and political power
 * ** Spheres of Influence-  **  when european leaders both took claims in the same country, they decided to divide the area into spheres of influence.
 * The spheres included trade and investment privilages, and were supposed to have left the natives and home country independent
 * As the industrial revolution occured and capitalistic economic systems allowed the european countries to borrow, tax etc, a weath gap opened, and made it easier for the europeans to establish and capitalize on their colonial and imperialistic interests.
 * The revolution also caused an increase in tariff barriers between countries and there fore increased competition, making the idea of having a colony or "sheltered market" attractive, as raw materials from the colony could be traded for goods manufactured by the European country
 * The Europeans took advantage of their weath to invest in other nations and empires ex. France $$-->Russia, Germany $$-->Ottoman empire
 * Military power and organization proved to be an advantage

___//Emilie Muller//
 * Africa: **
 * Mostly governed by tribal and cultural tradition
 * Livingstone & Stanley-- Livingstone went on a medical and spritual mission to Africa and fell in love with it, so he stayed. Stanley thought he was lost and found him, but only saw economic opportunity and returned to begin the exploitation and colonization of Africa
 * King Leopold II (Bel) easily bribed the locals into an agreement, establised the Belgian Congo, which he fully exploited the the point of abuse. He cultivated the landscape to the point of destruction and enslaved its peoples.
 * **Berlin Conference**- Called by Bismarck to lay down some regulations regarding claims of African territories- occupation must be represented geographically on a map, and by physical presence of troops and administrators. Fair notice must be granted to all.
 * **Indirect Rule**- when european/colonial leaders ruled through the native and tribal leaders.
 * ** Fashoda Crisis  **  - conflict bewteen France and Britain over Egypt and Morocco, essentially a military standoff
 * **Boer** War- (South African War) The British sent in hundreds of thousands of troops to fight the natives and destroy the regions of the Cape of Good Hope and Transvaal. Concentration camps were used to contain and murder 20000 women and children. At the conclusion of the war, the two regions were still self-goverend and were later combined to form the Union of South Africa. Caused British to rethink their imperial policy


 * The First World War:**
 * **The Triple Alliance-** the German's alliance with Austria Hungary and later Italy
 * **Splendid Isolationism-** The term used for the British staying out of the mainlands affairs
 * **Naval race-** British felt threatened by Germans new sea power led to navel arms race and eventially pushing Britain out of isolationism into the open arms of France and Russia
 * **Triple Entente**- the opposing alliance to the triple alliance
 * **The Assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand and the Blank Check-** Prince of the Austrian empire was assassinated by the black hand a Bosnian terrorist group. after that Germans gave the Austrians the famous blank check signifying the Austrians had full German support in attacking Serbia
 * **The wars beginning-** .Russia went to the Aid of Serbia and Germany the aid of Austria. Germany soon declared war on Russia for its mobilization of troops and then France because France would come to the aid of Russia anyway.
 * **End of isolationism**- Britain was dragged into the war both to protect its alliance with France and because Germany had attacked Belgium which had signed a neutrality pact. Germany had hoped for Britain not to get involved.
 * **The Schlieffen Plan-** the Plan was the overwhelm France by sending in massive amounts of troops quickly through Belgium and then taking there time with Russia.
 * **The Battle of Marne and Trench warfare-** the Battle of Marne put an end to the German hopes of taking France in one fell swoop. a new type of warfare ensued by which soldiers fought in vast trench networks. developed a stalemate on the western front.
 * **The eastern Front and Allied counter offensive-** with a stale mate in France Germany and Austria pushed and pushed at the Russian lines the Russians took heavy losses but after a year of fighting they were still there. the battle of Somme was the allied counter offensive in which they sent large numbers of troops against the German line with less than satisfactory results.
 * **America Joins the War-** with the sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman note the American public was outraged that the Germans had attacked American citizens and pledged Mexico American territory in exchange for attacking the states in the event of American intervention in the war. it wasn't until the collapse of the Russian government and the withdrawal of Russian troops that the US joined the war and when the Germans made one final pushed the allies pushed back and finally one the war.
 * **Post war and after affects-** after the war the allies took all the German Colonies and made Germany pay huge war reparations. essentially crippling the country. they also created the league of nations a organization meant to help keep the peace of the future. the Austrian Hungary empire was split up. many new nations were made in the hope to spread democracy.


 * Asia:**
 * [[file:Imperialism_in_Asia_1900.pdf]]
 * In 1857 the Indian Mutiny occurred, the British Sepoy army, or Indian British troops, revolted against the British
 * after this mutiny the British took their conquered land and became its protectorate, previously abolishing its states and incorporating its territory's
 * British tried to keep the Russians out of the imperialism of the east, this was called "the great game"
 * The great game lead to a dispute over Persia, ending in the Russians having a sphere of influence in northern Persia and the British having one in southern Persia
 * In China the Taiping rebellion occurred in 1850-1864, where Christian rebels revolted against the governing Chinese Qing dynasty
 * The Opium war of 1839-1841 was raged between the British (later the French in the second war) versus the Chinese, it was fought because the Chinese government tried to regulate the inflow of Opium which was being traded by the British. The British then declared war upon the Chinese to try and denounce the regulations
 * The Chinese losing these wars then lead to them forcibly making peace treaties which gave the British the island of Hong Kong and also made some cities trading ports where European nations were allowed to make settlements and from there spheres of influence free from Chinese law
 * Many European nations including Japan and Russia took parts of China then without resistance
 * In response to this the United States made it Open Door policy which was enacted in 1898 where China was not partitioned and it would be open to any nation to trade with with only 5 percent tariffs imposed by China itself
 * The Boxer Rebellion occurred in 1899 where anti-western Chinese killed around 300 foreigners, tore up railways and cause up to millions of dollars in damage in China
 * The Russo-Japanese war broke out in 1904-1905, the Japanese beat the Russians
 * later in the Treaty of Portsmouth Theodore Roosevelt stepped in and made peace between the two warring nations