1518-1555

=**1518-1555 //Luther 95 Theses// to The Peace of Augsburg**= Summary:
 * 1517: Martin Luther posts his "95 Theses"; beginning the Protestant Reformation
 * 1545-1563: Roman Catholic Council meets and Trent; promotes Catholic reforms
 * 1555: Peace of Augsburg recognizes Protestant and Catholic states in Germany


 * Rulers:
 * Henry VIII (1509-1547)




 * Francis I (1515-1547)
 * Charles V (1519-1556)

Social/Economic
 * Feudalism and Manorial system guilds
 * Spread of Lutheranism sparked ideas of revolt for the peasant classes, who wanted their rents to be regulated, village rights, and rebelled against oppressive rule
 * Luther was upset that people tied social revolutions in with his religious revolution, so he attempted to remove all of his connections with the peasants classes
 * Lutheranism created societal space for the clergy
 * Calvinism's "self-enlightenment" set up an aristocracy within itself
 * Education was available to many young boys through Jesuit missions and schools
 * Portuguese trading empire expanded to all corners of the
 * Magellan found a route around the world
 * English found a route to the Russian port of Archangel across the White Sea, increasing trade
 * The slave trade, or aciento, brought 100,000 Africans to the Americas
 * Social spectrum in the Americas: European-born whites, American-born whites (Creoles), Mixed descent (Mestizos), Indians
 * 1545 = Discovery of the Potosi silver mines. Technological advances are made to extract precious metals more efficiently, thus sparking the flow of precious metals that would grow to 500,000 lbs of sliver and 10,000 lbs of gold between The Americasand Europe
 * Shipbuilding, mining and printing industries grew
 * Putting out system is utilized in England
 * Freeholding class emerged bewtween the landed gentry and rural poor (England)
 * In France, the bourgeoisie began to emerge
 * Fuggers- German banking family who financed the Habsburg empire
 * Bank of Amsterdam was most trusted, accounts were created for clients from all over the continent
 * Some banks charged interest, which was unpopular in many sectors, public and private
 * Serfdom prevalent in Eastern Europe

Cultural/Intellectual History · On one hand, Calvinism was very far from democratic. The idea that only a small portion of the people were God’s chosen led that select minority to dictate over the rest of the population, the “lost souls.” · On the other hand, they felt that members of society were free to make moral judgment on the state. They created work groups and, as a minority wherever they existed, were opposed to the idea of authority coming downwards from rulers or high-up clergy. · Henry VIII wrote //Defense of the Seven Sacraments// in the 1520s against the sweep of Luther’s ideas. However, when the pope, Clement VII, refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII broke from the church. · Henry VIII’s break from the church came with the help of his Parliament. In 1534, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy which placed Henry as the head of the church in England. · In 1536, Henry VIII suppressed a predominantly Catholic rebellion but in 1539 required everyone to believe in certain Catholic practices. There were not many English citizens who accepted the entire Protestant position. · Charles V, interested in reuniting Germany, favored the Counter Reformation. Francis I, king of France, favored the pope (for the papacy gave Francis I control over the Gallican Church) but was opposed to Charles V, who owned much of the territory surrounding France. For this purpose, Francis I encouraged German Protestants to continue practicing. This prevented a solution to the Catholic Church tensions. In 1545, the Council of Trent met for the first time to discuss reforms of the Catholic Church.
 * Luther urged people to find Chistian truth in the bible for themselves and the bible only.
 * Denounced the reliance on fasts,pilgrimages, saints, and Masses.While also rejecting the belief in purgatory.
 * 1524 New religious ideas caused peasant revolt in Germany.
 * Antabaptists, who belived that all the world needed was love, the Christ would soon come again,
 * Religious radicals all throughout Germany.
 * Imperial free cities in Germany claimed that the right and power to reform, belonged to member states, not to the empire itself.
 * //Institutes of the Christian Religion-// Published in 1536 by John Calvin in the international language, Latin.
 * Calvinism differed from Lutheranism in attitude to society and to the state. Calvinism made more of the idea of predestination.
 * In 1520 Henry VIII wrote a //Defense of the Seven Sacraments// in defense of the Christian faith against Lutherism.
 * 1545 the Council of Trent met, it shaped the destiny of modern Catholicism
 * The line of Renaissance popes succeeded by a line of reforming popes.
 * The reforming popes insited on the primacy of papal office regarding their office as a moral and religious force.
 * Spanish writers produced the most influential sixteenth-century accounts of Catholic mysticism.
 * Society of Jesus (Jesuits): Constituted a monastic order of a new type, less attached to the coilster, more directed toward active participation in the affairs of the world.
 * Magelan found a southwestern passage in 1520 sailed from the atlantic into the Pacific
 * The use of African for slave labor
 * University of Lima was established in 1551. There were five universities on the European model in Spanish America.
 * Political/Military**

· In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg gave the ruler of each German state the right to choose its own religion. · Religious conformity was enforced using judicial and police force. Two extreme examples are the Spanish and the Roman Inquisition, both of which employed torture. · Further expeditions to the Americas, Asia, Africa, and South America. · Armies were the first to require mass production. Initially, it was demand for weapons, but in later years spread to uniforms and new fortifications. · Governments using mercantilist policies. · Governments could help or hinder economic growth. They also had an impact on social classes. Kings could “make” nobles, or exempt some from taxes.