1649-1713

AP Euro Midterm Review
By Kassy Kelly and Rachel Robertson


 * From the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 **
 * To the War of Spanish Succession leading to the Peace of Utrecht **

Some Notable Events: 1649- Charles I is beheaded on charges of 'treason' 1649-1658 - Oliver Cromwell leads the English "Commonwealth" and "Protectorate" England is an official Republic, essentially really a military dictatorship.Cromwell found difficulty dealing with Parliament. 1651- The Naviagation Act resulting with the First Anglo-Dutch Trade War, there would be three of them 1652-1654 - The 1st Dutch War 1660- Restoration of English monarchy King Charles II with the Stuart Line restored 1661- Colbert and his Five Great Farms and Mercantilism France. Mercantilism is the term that it encourages exports and not imports through tariffs, its an economical theory to help the state as a whole. 1661- King Louis XVI takes control of french government (Louis's Wars) he makes sure to have personal control of his state 1663- Ottoman Empire begins new phase of expansion in Central Europe 1666- Great Fire in England allows rebuilding of London 1667- Stephen Razin leads rebellion or rural population in Russia 1672- English Parliament passes Test Act all government officials must renounce transubstantiation something that Catholics could never do this was a standing up to and aimed at him James II 1683- Ottoman Emperial Army is forced to abandon siege of Vienna 1685- Revocation of **Edict of Nantes,** persecution of French protestants leading to many fleeing France. Driving out the Huguenots who were very important to the French economy Louis shoots himself in the foot. 1688- The Glorious Revolution with the over throwing of James II 1688- 1702 - Reign of William of Orange and Mary over England 1689- English Bill of Rights, English joins the League, and also Act of Toleration is passed it was a compromise bill. 1694- The **Bank of England** is orginated on the British national debt 1698- Tsar Peter the Great tries westernizing reforms in Russia 1702- The Act of Settlement to prevent the Stuart line of ever occupying the English throne again. 1702- Thomas Newcomen produces a steam engine called newcomen's engine, but it soon will be remodeled and remaned to Watt's engine when he steals Newcomen's idea 1702- War of Spanish Succession was between French and the English and Dutch Allies; "balance of power", limits French expansion 1707- The Act of Union marking the political unfication of Engliand and Scotland forming Great Britain, union however was no love match.. 1711- 1740 - Habsburg Charles VI builds the Austrian Empire 1713- Peace of Utrecht this concluded the end of the War of the Spainish Succession. Spain declines as a power. It results with Scotland and England formally unifying. Britain gains territory in Canada, and Britain also gains **asiento** ﻿(term meaning providing African slaves to Spainish America, this ended with the abolitionist movement.)

1651- Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan 1662- Royal Society is founded in London 1666- Royal Academy of Sciences founded in Paris finally natural knowledge institutionalized 1687- Isaac Newton publishes Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, here the Laws of motion and physics are laid down. 1690- John Locke publishes Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Two Treaties on Government 1694- Birth of Francis Marie Aroute (Voltaire) 1697- Pierre Bayle publishes Historical Critical Dictionary, the first famous known dictionary 1706- Leibnitz introduces his concept "the best of all possible worlds" he and Newton will later go on to found calculus shortly
 * Scientific and Intellectual Advancements **


 * political/military **
 * social/economic **
 * cultural/intellectual **

Hobbes: believing that life is nasty brutish and short. That people should just give into a monarchy and have collective security. Locke: believing that mankind is not inherently bad but rather a blank state, and that the government should protect life, liberty, and property.
 * Hobbes Vs. Locke **

__England: __
 * ﻿Important Rulers To Remember: **



Oliver Cromwell: 1653-58 Commonwealth and the Protectorate. A devout Protestant, and was able to defeat King Charles I and assume the throne. He tried to declare Religious tolerance, and he crushed the Scots. 

**King Charles II: (Stuart Line) ** 1660-1685.Was the restoration of the Stuart Line and the English Monarchy, and he tried restoring also Parliament and the Church of England. Charles was pro-French and pro-Catholic and was very unpopular with his country.



1685-1688. believed in absolute monarchy and freedom in religion. He issued a Declaration of Indulgence (1687) allowing freedom of worship. He was very unpopular with his catholicism and was removed from the throne, being replace by William of Orange being one of the leading events of the Glorious Revolution.
 * James II: **

 1689-1702. William formely William of Orange takes the English throne and try to strengthen the power of Parliament. With William's Coalition against France the Bank of England is established in 194 due to the British National Debt.
 * William III and Mary II: **

<span style="color: #0c5f0c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">﻿France:

<span style="color: #0c5f0c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">1643-1715. Was the Sun King, he had Louis' Wars from 1667 to 1713supporting a total of 4 major wars. Was on throne at the time of the uprising of the Fronde. With his famous term "L'etat c'est moi" <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">meaning the state is myself which Louis did make sure he was in personal control of everything.Louis was able to increase the army from 100,000 to 400,000.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Louis XIV: **

<span style="color: #7b247b; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Prussia:

1640-1688. "The Great Elector" he helps to develop and the state and the military powers in Prussia. He hailed from Bradenburg which was one of the more affected areas of German from the war.
 * Frederick William: **

<span style="color: #fb1377; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">Russia:

<span style="color: #fb1377; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;"> 1689-1725. Tsar Peter the Great, was Russia's hope in trying to westernize Russia with reforms. He created a new modern army and a new modern city like he had seen in western Europe of St. Petersburg he took influences of Colbert and he encouraged merchantilism. Peter also kicked off a Social Revolution.
 * Peter I: **


 * <span style="color: #05057a; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">Europe After Utrecht Physically: **



<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">Some Terms:

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">﻿- a series of treaties helping end the war of **The Spanish Succession** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">-put an end to french expansionism and showed the rise of the British Empire <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">-resulted in the abdication of James II of England <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">-invitation was sent to William III and Mary II to take the crown of England so it would be in protestant hands <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">- the English Bill of Rights was approved by them to never let a Roman Catholic rule again <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">-first multinational cooperation in the world <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">-had the ability to sell stock, coin money, establish colonies, and wage war
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Peace Of Utrecht **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">"The Glorious Revolution" **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Dutch East India Trading Company **

Wars:

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Louis XIV wanted to extend French power, <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">-first major european war to end with a peace treaty) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">-(1688-97) <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">-wanted to stop Louis XIV's expansionism <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">-France vs. European nations
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">War of Spanish Succession **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nine Years War **