1871-1919+(B)+Soc&Cult


 * Jenna Benjamin and Katharine DeJoie**

= **1871-1919** Social and Cultural = = ** Science:  ** = ** People:  ** **Charles Darwin-** Ideas of evolution and survival of the fittest. Wrote the Origin of Speices in 1859. Offered a scientific explanation of how things worked. 1871 wrote decent of man. **Sigmund Freud-** Influencial in the study of human behavior. introduced "free association" and "recall".Explored the role of the unconcious. Wrote the Interpretaion of Dreams in 1900. **Gregor Mendel-** Austrian Monk experimented with cross pollination of garden peas. Arrived at understanding of how hereditary operates. **Einstein-** German Jew Scientest that came up with the theory of relativity.

** Terms:  ** **Survival of the fittest-** The strongest will survive through "natural selection." **Anthropology-** undermined religious beliefs.

**Cultural/Social** ** People:  ** **Friedrich Nietzche-** German philospoher. Unsystematic radical thinker. Displayed concept of Superman. Beleived all humans were driven by instint and a will to power over reason and rational thought. **Pope Pius IX -** wrote the Syllabus of Errors-denounced a long list of modern ideas. **Leo XIII-** Wrote the **Revum Novarum.** This found fault in capitalism because of poverty but defended private property. Declared that most of socialism was Christian in principal.



** Terms:  ** **Agnosticism-** Anything unknowable to science would be unknowable forever. Information could be applied to living things and also to sociology, government and economics. **Economic Nationalism-** Nationals tried to stengthen themselves with tariffs, tradeand internal regulation. **New Liberalism-** Factory codes became strongerand better inforced. Food was regluated, universal male suffrage. Large role of government was accepted. **Syndicalism-** French word for trade unionism. The idea that unions would become the supreme and authoritative figure in society. It would replace property, market economy and even government. **Fabian Socialism-** Beleived to be social and economic counterpart to democracy. No class conflict was neccesary and did not exist. Did not want radical change. They were content with small gradual change. They joined with unions and the **Labour Party** was formed. **Feminism-** Wanted complete equality with men. Worked to make birth control legal and win the vote. In Europe they focused mostly on Legal and Social reforms. Britain and America focused mostly on the right to vote. In 1888 the **International Council of Women** was formed. **John Stuart Mill-** Early and influencial advocate for classical liberalism. **Vatican City-** An independent state, a square mile inside of Rome. Recognized in the Lateran treaty of 1929 when the church recognized the Italian state.

** Threats to Religion  ** New Sciences and Philospphies offered alternatives and solid proof of other theories. Fundemental premises of religion were questioned. Evolution threatened and questioned christian ethics. David Friedrich Strauss wrote __//Life of Jesus//__ which explained away miraculous episodes as myth. New secular explanations were given to the oldst religious stories and beleifs. Catholics resisted strongly and tried to protect their membership.


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--Charles Darwin Friedrich Nietzsche Sigmund Freud Gregor Mendel--

Pope Pius IX- Pope Leo XIII-