1599-1648

= Summary of the Peace of Westphalia for Midterm (1599-1648) = = = = ﻿Map of Europe in 1648 = = =
 * Elizabeth Tullo and Kia DeAngelis**

Rulers
James I (1603-1625) Charles I (1625-1649) ||~ ||   || == Dates == || == Chronology of Notable Events == || Louis XIII (1610-1648) ||~ ||   || 1618-1648
 * ~ England ||~ Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
 * ~ France ||~ Henry IV (1589-1610)

1642-1648 || The Thirty Years' War in Germany

Civil War in England || Philip IV (1621-1665) ||~ ||   || 1648 || The Peace of Westphalia || Matthias (1612-1619) Ferdinand II(1619-1637) Ferdinand III (1637-1657) ||~ ||   ||   ||   || Frederick William: "The Great Elector" (1640-1688) ||~ ||   ||   ||   || Time of Troubles (1604-1613) Michael (1613-1645) ||~ ||   ||   ||   || =Summary of Thirty Years' War= There were four phases of the Thirty Years' War, the Bohmeian, Danish, Swedish, and Swedish-French. The major conflict of the war was over religion, specifically Protestantism, Calvinsim, and Catholicism.
 * ~ Italy ||~ Philip III (1598-1621)
 * ~ Holy Roman Empire, (Austria) ||~ Rudolph II (1576-1612)
 * ~ Prussia, (Germany) ||~ George William (1619-1640)
 * ~ Russia ||~ Godunov(1598-1605)



=Summary of the Peace of Westphalia= The Peace of Westphalia was the result of the Thirty Years' War. It granted German states the right for them to choose their own religion, which was based off of the Peace of Augsburg.



Political/Military:

 * Bohemian Phase of Thirty Years War (1618-1625):
 * The Protestant forces under Frederick V were defeated at White Mountain.
 * Leaders: Frederick V of Palatine. Ferdinand II.
 * Danish Phase of Thirty Years War (1625-1629):
 * Wallenstein defeated Christian, thus giving imperial forces the power.
 * Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution (1629), which returned all confiscated Church lands since 1517.
 * Leaders: Christian IV the Lutheran king of Denmark. Albrecht von Wallenstein the leader of the imperial forces.
 * Swedish Phase of Thirty Years War (1629-1635):
 * Adolphus defeated the imperial forces at Breitenfield and Lutzen, bringing the war to the Catholic south.
 * To end war, Ferdinand III revoked the Edict of Restitution and signed Peace of Prague with German states in 1635.
 * This did not end the fighting, the conflict developed into a struggle between Spanish Habsburgs vs. the Swedes and French.
 * Leaders: Gustavus Adolphus. Cardinal Richelieu the advisor under Louis XIII. Wallenstein was assassinated.
 * Franco-Swedish Phase of the Thirty Years War (1635-1648):
 * The most violent phse of the war, Germany became battle ground for political ambitions.
 * At the battle of Rocroi in 1643 the French defeated the Spanish.
 * Peace negotiations lasted for years until war ended iin 1628 by the Peace of Westphalia.
 * Leaders: Philip IV of Spain.
 * **The Peace of Westphalia** had long peace negotiations because the armies were still fighting.
 * The representatives at the Peace settlement were Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch.
 * Germany was fragmented into 300 states that received the right to conduct diplomacy and make treaties with foreign powers.
 * The Peace marked a system of sovereign states. The free states acted to their own laws, followed own politics, alternated between war and peace, and shifted the balance of power.
 * Sweden gains territories in Northern Germany
 * France gains the Lorraine and Alsace regions
 * Portugal is recognized as independent from Spain.

Social/Economic:

 * Bohemian P﻿hase :
 * When Ferdinand II was elected emperor, he confiscated the lands of the Bohemian nobles, and brought the Counter-Reformation to Bohemia.
 * Danish Phase :
 * Christian IV entered the conflict to gain territory in the Baltic.
 * Swedish Phase :
 * Adolphus entered the conflict to secure trade in the Baltic.
 * Franco-Swedish Phase :
 * Germany became battleground for the territorial ambitions of the war.

Cultural/Intellectual:

 * Bohemian Phase :
 * Result was that Catholic forces emerged victorious.
 * Danish Phase :
 * Christian IV entered the conflict to support the Protestant cause.
 * Swedish Phase :
 * Adolphus entered the conflict to revive the Protestant cause.
 * ** The Peace of Westphalia ** was requested by Germany because they wanted peace, religious settlement, and reform of the Holy Roman Empire.
 * The Peace granted German states their own religion and included Calvinism to Lutheranism and Catholicism as an acceptable faith.
 * It wouldn't allow the Holy Roman Empire to make new laws, raise taxes, recruit soldiers, or declare war. This made the Empire weakened and allowed the other countries to gain power in Europe (France, Great Britain).
 * Blocks Counter Reformation.
 * Doesn't allow for a Unified Germany.

// "Done, pass'd and concluded at Munster in Westphalia, the 24th Day of October, 1648". //

Works Cited for Pictures [] - bird with olive branch [] - the hanging tree [] - queen elizabeth [] - Henry IV [] - Philip IV [] - ferdinand II [] - frederick william "the great elector" [] - michael of Russia [] - peace of westphalia, 1648