1790-1815

=﻿ 1790-1815 =

French Revolution-  Congress of Vienna

French Revolution

Social/Economic: In the Old Regime there were three estates. It was a legally aristocratic, even feudal society. Everyone belonged to an “estate” or “order” of society. The role of the Church was similar to the Anglican Church in tithing, bishops’ political power, and the wealth and numbers of the clergy.The 100,000 clergy owned 5-10% of the land with much of the income going to the aristocratic holders of higher church offices. Nobles numbered about 400,000.They virtually monopolized all high offices and honors--government, church, and army.They were largely tax exempt and had blocked all reforms. The bourgeoisie, the elite of the Third Estate, was well off; for example, foreign trade had increased fivefold, 1713 to 1789.They resented the privileges and arrogance of the aristocracy.Commoners were as well off as in most nations, but they did not share in business prosperity.From 1730 to 1788 prices rose, the wage earning proletariat had real grievances. Concerning the agrarian system of the Old Regime, most people were rural, but none were serfs. Peasants owed no labor and only a few token services.They worked their own land, rented land, or were sharecroppers; some hired out as laborers. Nobles’ retained a few feudal rights:hunting rights; collection of banalités for use of mill, bakeshop, or wine press; and limited court and police powers. Manor owners owned “eminent property” rights, with certain rents or transfer payments owed.But ownership was widespread:peasants owned 40%, nobles 20%, the Church 10%, and the remainder in crown, waste, or common land.The Revolution was to free land ownership from all indirect encumbrances--manorial fees, eminent property rights, communal practices, and church tithes. Peasants occupied almost all the land, through ownership or lease; France was a nation of small farmers.There was no big agriculture, no manorial lords actually managing estates and selling his own crops, as in England.By 1780,many manorial lords, pinched by inflation or seeking greater returns, collected dues more rigorously and revived old dues that had fallen into disuse.Lease and sharecropping terms became less favorable to the peasant.Resentments built, since the property system bore no relation to economic usefulness.
 * __Background to the French Revolution: __**

Political/Military: The clergy was the First Estate; the nobility the Second Estate; and everyone else, from the wealthiest businessman to the poorest peasant or city worker, was the Third Estate.Legal rights and personal prestige depended on Estate, though these were politically and socially obsolescent. France was unified, meaning that unpopular social conditions could bring national opinion and agitation.The Revolution wasto rouse a sense of brotherhood, and to turn that into a passion for citizenship and civic rights to the public advantage.

Social/Economic: The Revolution was precipitated by financial collapse owing mainly to war costs, present (25%) and past (50%)--though the debt was smaller per capita than that of Britain or Holland. The key was low revenue, due to exemptions and tax evasion. Aristocrats blocked tax reform by Maupeou, Turgot, and Necker. In 1786, Calonne suggested a land tax without exemptions; a lightening of indirect taxes; a confiscation of some church property; and the establishment of provincial assemblies in which all citizens would be represented. The “assembly of notables” called to discuss the program resulted in a deadlock, and Calonne was fired. Brienne, succeeded him, and tried to push the same program through the Parlement of Paris. The nobles insisted that only Estates -General could consider the matter--and fought off an attempt to Palmer Chapter 10 2The French Revolution replace the parlements. Louis XVI agreed to call the Estates-General for May, with the classes invited to elect reps and prepare lists of grievances. The harvest of 1788 had been poor, and 1789 was a year of depression--falling wages and unemployment, while food prices rose. The government, paralyzed by the crisis, was unable to act to relieve distress. Workers rioted in Paris, peasants refused to pay taxes, and vagrants and beggars increased. Townspeople feared social violence and began to arm. On July 14 a crowd became a mob, was fired on, assaulted and captured the Bastille, murdering six soldiers, the governor of the Bastille, and the Mayor of Paris; army units near Paris did not act. The king accepted a citizen committee as the government of Paris, sent away the troops he had called to Versailles, and ordered all to join the National Assembly. A bourgeois national guard was created to keep order in Paris, headed by Lafayette. In the countryside, a general panic called the Great Fear began--becoming part of a general agrarian insurrection in which peasants burned some manor houses and in general attacked any records of fees and dues. A wave of emigrés, mainly nobles, fled France. The revolutionaries never disowned the national debt, owed largely to the bourgeois. To help pay the debt and pay current expenses, the Constituent Assembly in 1789 confiscated all Church property and issued notes (assignats) against them. Holders could use them to purchase church property--which went largely to speculators. The government also abolished the old guilds and trade unions in favor of “free trade”--clearly favoring bourgeois owners.
 * __1st Revolution: __**

Political/Military: Fearing loss of rents, the National Assembly on the “night of August 4” ended all remaining vestiges of feudalism, all titles and tax exemptions. Dues were ended, with compensation (later eliminated). On August 26 the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen: “Men are born, and remain, free and equal in rights;” the “rights of man” included liberty, property, and resistance to oppression; freedom of thought and religion were guaranteed; careers were to be open to all; law was to express the General Will; powers of government were to be separated in branches. Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man (1791) carried the message in English. Olympe de Gouges wrote The Rights of Woman (1792), and her ideas were seconded by Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)--but few men argued for women’s rights. The National Assembly remained divided, with “patriots” vs conservatives. Finally, a crowd of market women and revolutionary militants, followed by the Paris national guard, besieged Versailles and moved both Louis and his family and the National Assembly to Paris (October). Influenced by radical elements, the National Assembly became more liberal- <span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">-as conservatives formed a second wave of emigrés. The more liberal now began to form into clubs, of which the most important was the Society of the Friends of the Constitution, known as Jacobins. The Jacobins used the club as a caucus to discuss policies and plan change. Constitutional Changes The National Assembly/Constituent Assembly governed France from 1789 to 1791. It wrote a new constitution destr <span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">oying the Old Regime: France was to have 83 Departments of about the same size, with uniform municipal organization. Officials were to be elected locally, with no one to act for the central government. Sovereign power was vested in a unicameral assembly. The executive branch was kept weak; the king could only suspend or postpone laws. In July, 1791 the king tried to flee, but was caught; he had left behind papers repudiating the Revolution. Thus no one favored a strong central executive; France was to be ruled by a debating society with more than the usual number of hotheads. The new Legislative Assembly was to be elected by active citizen, males over 25 who paid some direct tax; they voted for“electors,” on a ratio of 100 to l, who then elected the representatives (who met property qualifications).

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Cultural/Intellectual: <span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">The Church was outraged by the loss of its property (leading to the closing of many schools), but the crowning blow was the Civil Constitution of the Clergy of 1790. The Assembly created a national church: parish priests and bishops were to be elected by all citizens, and were to be paid by the state; the number of dioceses was cut; bishops were forbidden to accept the authority of the Pope; and all religious orders were closed. Much of this was in the spirit of the Gallican church, but it was forced on the clergy by the state. The Pope branded the Civil Constitution as an usurpation and condemned the French Revolution in general.. The clergy were required to swear a loyalty oath; half refused--including all but 7 bishops. The Church was henceforth to be anti-democratic, anti-liberal; liberal democrats were to be strongly anti-clerical. The position of the Pope was greatly improved. The Constituent Assembly now disbanded, September 1791. France was to remain a constitutional monarchy with the Legislative Assembly for just ten months.

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Cultural/Intellectual: <span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Edmund Burke in his Reflections on the Revolution in France predicted anarchy and dictatorship for France and called on Englishmen to support gradual change. Catherine the Great called the French “vile riffraff” and forbade Russian translations of Voltaire. The French emigrés, led by Louis XVI’s brother, began using their aristocratic connections to preach a holy war against revolution. In the US, Jefferson’s party was called Jacobin, Hamilton’s reactionary.
 * __<span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">2nd Revolution: __**

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Political/Military: <span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">In spite of the propaganda, no nation acted. Catherine urged other nations to act, but did nothing herself. Pitt, founder of the new Tory Party, called for orderly finance--precluding war for England, in spite of Burke. Even Leopold II, brother of M. Antoinette, did not act. But the French government antagonized other nations by unilateral actions--as annexing of Avignon, abolition of feudalism in Alsace. Action began over the position of Louis and Marie. At Pillnitz, Austria and Prussia declared that if Leopold acted against France, they would, too. Though action was unlikely, emigrés used this Declaration of Pillnitz as a threat against France. As a result, the Girondins became the dominant faction of revolution. Led by Condorcet, they favored international revolution as the only sure way of preserving the Revolution. War was also favored by Lafayette, leader of a moderate group who saw war as a means of restoring the prestige of Louis XVI and so preserving constititional monarchy. Leopold died and was replaced by Francis I, who was much more willing for war. As a result, the French Assembly declared war on Austria in 1792. <span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">War intensified the dissatisfaction of the peasants (angry at the progress of land distribution) and the urban workers (hurt by inflation caused by the “flight of gold” with the emigrés). But the return of the emigrés was a real threat; the workers rallied to the Revolution, if not the government. On the point of invading France, Austria and Prussia made the Brunswick Manifesto: if any harm came to the king or queen, the invaders would exact retribution. This threat, plus the oratory of Robespierre, Danton, and Marat caused an outburst of patriotic sentiment and anger against the king. 2. Intense feeling produced the Marseillaise, a fierce call to arms against tyranny and a revolt In Paris: the king’s guard was massacred, the royal family imprisoned, and a revolutionary "commune” established in Paris. It ended the Legislative Assembly, calling for the election of a Constitutional Convention elected by universal male suffrage. War hysteria and anarchy also led to the death of 1100 counter-revolutionaries (“September Massacres”).

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">** Reign of Terror  **

__ Political/Military __ : The convention met on September 20, 1792, and proclaimed the Year One of the Republic. On the same day, a minor victory at Valmy led to the Austrian retreat--and the French occupation of Belgium (Austrian Netherlands), Savoy, and the left bank of the Rhine. The Revolution was on the move. Britain opened talks with Holland, Prussia, and Austria--and France declared war. Russia and Prussia agreed to the second partition of Poland, but left Austria out--ending the coalition. A new Jacobin group now appeared, the Montagnards--representing the most radical in Paris, the sansculottes, shop-keepers and artisans. They denounced the king and queen; Louis was put on trial in December, found guilty of treason, and ordered executed--by one vote. France was in crisis: its leading French general defected, and the Allies threatened to invade; the economy was in tatters, with food scarce and prices rising; and Catholics threatened counterrevolution. The sans-culottes demanded strong action, and the Jacobins complied: arrest of the Girondins, price and currency controls, rationing, requisitioning of food, and attacks on profiteering. Now peasants in the Vendée revolted, angered by conscription and encouraged by Catholic priests and British agents; they were followed by the cities of Lyons, Bordeaux, Marseilles and others, led by fleeing Girondins who also became counter-revolutionariess. The Convention was also attacked by extreme radicals, the enragés, agitators who demanded strong action. They formed into “rev. armies,” searching the rural areas for food, denouncing suspects, and preaching revolution. The Convention leader now was Maximilien Robespierre--seen as either a fanatic and demagogue or visionary idealist and ardent patriot. A lawyer, he had been a delegate to the Estates General and served in the Legislative Assembly (opposing the war). He was free or graft and bribery--and was called “the Incorruptible.” Like Rousseau, he believed in unselfish public spirit, or “virtue.”

The Convention needed to end civil strife and counter-revolution at home, mobilize the nation’s people and resources to fight a war, and prepare a new democratic constitution and initiate social legislation. Wide powers were given to 12 men, the Committee of Public Safety**.** To repress counter-revolution, the Committee began the Terror. Revolutionary courts and a Committee of General Security (political police) arrested enemies and anyone suspected of hostile acts. Victims included the Queen, Girondins, and //enrages.// Perhaps 40,000 died, mainly in areas in open rebellion. Most victims were Catholic peasants or laborers, though perhaps 3200 were nobles. The Committee functioned as a war cabinet; it centralized administration, replacing local officials with “national agents.” To win the war, the Committee recruited prominent people for government service (as Lamarck and Lavoisier); it ordered the //levée en masse//, the first modern draft. It controlled the export of gold, confiscated foreign currency, and acted against hoarding; it began price and wage controls and requisitioned food and supplies for the army. It ended the manorial system, with peasants freed of all compensation to the former owners. Universal elementary education was legislated (not implemented). Slavery was abolished. //Enrages// were arrested and //Hébertists// (party of extreme Terror) were attacked, halting “unauthorized revolutionary violence.” They launched a program of Dechristianization, adopting a republican calendar with new months, décades replacing weeks, and no saints days and church holidays. Many radicals proposed the worship of Reason; Robespierre, fearing to alienate the peasants, vetoed the act. They also attacked the “right-wing” Dantonists. By 1794, France had the largest army yet known in Europe: 800,000 men, composed of officers newly promoted for talent and troops who felt themselves citizens fighting for a just cause. With the Alliesdivided, the French troops retook Belgium and Holland. Military success eased the pressures that had made the Terror possible. Robespierre was “outlawed” on 9 Thermidor, to be guillotined the next day. The Terror was over (July 27-28, 1794). The Thermidorian Reaction: The Convention reduced the powers of the Committee and closed the Jacobin Club. Government controls were relaxed, producing inflation and sporadic working-class insurrections put down by the army. The bourgeoisie was triumphant--lawyers, office holders of the Old Regime plus parvenus and //nouveaux riches//, enriched by war-time profiteering or buying up former church land at bargain prices. Men of the Convention believed in individual rights and written constitutions, but they saw democracy as “red terror” and mob rule and they resolved to write yet another Constitution.



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Napoleonic Era



Political/Military

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Napoleon Bonaparte: French military officer. In 1796 he was made general of multiple armies, and led multiple armies. He quickly became independent from the parisian government. In 1799, he led a coup d’état against the directory and established the consulate. Five years later, in 1804, Napoleon was elected Emperor of France. He ruled the country until 1813, when he was defeated by the sixth coalition. While Napoleon could be considered very brutal, he has also been considered one of the great military leaders of history. His law codes, called the Napoleonic Codes, have also been recognized as one of the greatest effects of his rule. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Before Napoleons final defeat at Waterloo, seven coalitions were formed to defeat France <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">First Coalition: Consisted of Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Spain. Dissolved in 1795 after Prussia and Spain both made peace agreements with France. Dissolution made permanent when Austria signed the peace of Campo Formio. Great Britain still at naval war with France, but had withdrawn it’s soldiers from the European continent. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Second Coalition: Austria, Great Britain, Naples, Ottoman Empire, Russia. Dissolved when Russia withdrew their forces from the western Europe in reaction to Great Britain’s complete control of the mediterranean. Official when Austria signed peace of Lunéville in 1801. Great Britain signed the peace of Amiens, making complete peace for all the powers of Europe for the only time between 1792 and 1814 <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Third Coalition: Austria, Great Britain, Russia, Sweden. Dissolved when Russia agreed to peace in 1807 for fear of causing internal strife in their country if the war was allowed inside it’s borders. Resulted in the Treaty of Tilsit, where France and Russia became allies against Great Britain. This alliance would last un <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">media type="youtube" key="k-vQKZFF-9s?fs=1" height="385" width="480" align="left"til 1872. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Fourth Coalition: Was an extension of the third coalition, consisted of only Russia and Prussia. Prussia went to war with France in 1806, yet did so outside of the third coalition. Prussia’s war with France was due to fear of how France was taking control of the rest of Germany. Was also ended with the Treaty of Tilsit. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Fifth Coalition: Austria and Great Britain. Also called the Austrian War of Liberation. Lasted half a year before Austria made peace. In response to this, Napoleon took large parts of the Austrian Empire and used them to create the Illyrian provinces and to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Sixth Coalition: Austria, German States, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Spain, Sweden. Napoleon declared war on Russia in 1812 after it withdrew from the continental system. When Russia not only defeated the invasion but continued westward. Once they reached central Europe, Austria and Prussia switched their troops from Napoleons army to the Russian army, Spain pushed against the southern border of France, and during all of this Britain provided enormous financial aid for the countries of Europe. Ended in the treaty of Chaumont, which resulted in a Quadruple Alliance against France and the end of Napoleon’s regime. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Seventh Coalition: Austria, German States, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Sweden. Was a reaction to Napoleon’s return to power in France. Resulted in the Hundred <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">days war, in which Napoleon led a hastily made army to Belgium so as to regain power in Europe. Ended with Napoleons defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. Resulted in the Treaty of Vienna in which France was treated harsher than in the treaty of Chaumont, they reaffirmed the Quadruple Alliance, as well as creating the Holy Alliance, which would be used to prevent re <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">volution. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Tsar Alexander I: Tsar of Russia from 1801-1825. Opposed Napoleon very early on. While he did ally with <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Napoleon

for a short time so as to further his goals in the middle east, his nations struggle did ultimately lead to the defeat of Napoleon’s empire. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 Proved British supremacy of the ocean. It even ensured their control of the ocean for the next hundred years.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Social/Economic <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Napoleonic Code: Code of laws established by Napoleon Bonaparte. Consisted of five different sets of codes, the Civil Code, the codes pertaining to civil and criminal procedures, and the commercial and penal codes. The Napoleonic Codes established a uniform set of laws across all of France, and assured legal equality for all french citizens. Led the the destruction of the manorial system in France. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Continental System: System created by Napoleon so as to damage the British Economy. Meant that the nations of continental Europe could not import any goods or trade with any ships that carried british goods. The goal of this was to reduce the amount of trade England received. Seeing as how trade was an extremely important source of revenue for England, this would severely cripple their economy. Ultimately failed due to the unwillingness of the residents of Europe to go without the luxuries they could only receive through trade with Great Britain. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">In response to the continental system, Great Britain stated that all ships must stop in British ports. This would get British goods on the ship, but would make it illegal to <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">trade with this ship on the continent. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Napoleon used the Continental System to strengthen France. This is shown by the fact that he did not create a continentaltariff union and he forced France’s satellite states to maintain low tariffs for French Imports <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Effects of the Continental System <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Built up the industry of continental Europe <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Shippers and those dealing with overseas trade were destroyed by the continental system. Since the british required all ships to stop at their ports, ships from the continent could not legally make a profit <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">While British lost trade with Europe, they were able to make up the difference, and even gain, through trade with American colonies. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">In Prussia, Baron Stein made many reforms in Prussia so as to instill a national spirit among all people of the nation. He loosened the caste system and abolished people being born into ownership.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Cultural/Intellectual <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Anti-French Nationalism: In response to Napoleons continued use of the nations of Europe as means to fulfill his own goals, Anti-French Nationalism sprung up in many regions of Europe. Focused on the regional culture of the nation, such as folklore. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Great Britain: While Great Britain was never under Napoleon’s control, the nation was constantly under threat from attack by Napoleon. The entire nation of Great Britain unified and put aside social qualms so as to ensure the nations survival against Napoleon. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Spain: Focused on resisting Napoleon through violence to regain lost lands. Most of the Spanish Nationalists were reactionary and wanted to restore the clergy as well as the old monarchs. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Germany: <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">German nationalism a reaction to not just Napoleon, but France’s status and position for the last century. During this time period, <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">many important cultural figures were to be found in the Germanic nations, such as Beethoven, Hegel, Herder.Herder’s book Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind was an example of the ideas of the nationalist movement. Started the idea of Volkgeist, or national identity. This resulted in an enormous increase in the focus of German nationalistic ideals in culture, from books to music. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">While many countries became Nationalist so as to oppose the French, in other countries nationalism was promoted by Napoleon and his actions. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Italy: Napoleon helped to conglomerate the many nations of Italy into only thee different parts. Not only did the French politically inspire the Italian nationalism, but their culture was also admired by the Italians. media type="youtube" key="SqDPZOtKtMc?fs=1" height="385" width="480" align="right" <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Poland: As part of his attempt to unify Poland as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, Napoleon promoted nationalism in the region. Hedid this by telling them how great a nation they could build for themselves and how they deserved their own nation, as well as their own national identity.