1752-1789

1752-1789 Julia & Hannah Summary of Encyclopedia to French Revolution

Chronology of Important Events 1752-1789 1740-1763- The Great War of the Mid-Eighteenth Century (break between 1748 and 1756) 1756-1763- Seven Years' War 1763- Peace Treaties of Paris and Hubertusburg 1772- First Partition of Poland by Prussia, Austria, and Russia 1773- Pugachev's Rebellion in Russia 1775- James Watt's steam engine replaced water as the primary source of power in industry 1774- Accession of Louis XVI in France 1776- Adam Smith publishes //The Wealth of Nations// 1776- The United States of America's Declaration of Independence from Britain  1780s- Mechanical spinning of cotton used across England, rise of industrialization 1787- Written Constitution of the US 1789- May 5- Estates General opens at Versailles June 17- Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly June 20- "Oath of the Tennis Court" taken by National Assembly July 14- Fall of the Bastille in Paris August 4- Nobles surrender feudal rights at National Constituent Assembly (feudalism abolished) August 27- //Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen// issued by National Assembly October 5-6- Parisian women go to Versailles and force Louis XVI to return to Paris

They Ruled!

__Rulers of the Time __

__Holy Roman Empire__ 1745-1765- Francis I 1765-1790- Joseph II

__Austria__ 1740-1780- Maria Theresa 1780-1790- Joseph II

__Britain__ 1727-1760- George II 1760-1820- George III

__France__ 1715-1774- Louis XV

1774-1792- Louis XVI

__Prussia__ 1740-1786- Frederick II (Frederick the "Great") 1786-1797- Frederick William II

__Sardinia__ 1730-1773- Charles Emmanuel III 1773-1796- Victor Amadeus III

__Spain__ 1746-1759- Ferdinand VI 1759-1788- Charles III 1788-1808- Charles IV

__Russia__ 1741-1762- Elizabeth 1762- Peter III 1762-1796- Catherine II (Catherine the "Great")



Political/Military > aging and killing priests and landlords. Catherine replied with repression and sent him to execution
 * In 1754 British government called a congress in Albany, NY, trying to get colonies to help with coming war
 * Benjamin Franklin "Albany plan of union"; colonial legislatures declined, were willing to depend on Britain to deal with France militarily
 * In July 1755 British and colonials under General Braddock are defeated while trying to get rid of the French in Fort Duquesne (later Pittsburgh)
 * General ongoing fighting from 1740-1763, break from 1748-1756
 * Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
 * "Reversal of Alliances"
 * Austrians wanted to check the growth of Prussia
 * Austria & France- Habsburgs & Bourbons
 * Austria also had a treaty with Russia to get rid of Prussia
 * Great Britain & Prussia
 * Seven Years' War going on from 1756 to 1763
 * Peace Treaties of Paris and Hubertusburg in 1763
 * Peace of Paris 1763: French territory on North American mainland east of Mississippi River (including Canada) passes into British possession
 * Maupeou called to Chancellorship by Louis XV in 1768; "Maupeou parlements"
 * First Partition of Poland in 1772 between monarchs of Prussia, Russia, and Austria (Frederick, Catherine, Maria Theresa)
 * Pugachev's rebellion 1773-1774, Pugachev announced himself as the true tsar, issued imperial manifesto proclaiming end of serfdom, taxes, and military conscription. Thousands (peasants) followed him, pill
 * France in the 1780s had much debt from war costs, but was unable to tax the nobles, such as the taille the priviledged were exempt from. With the higher class resisting to pay taxes, mainly peasants had to pay them.
 * Louis XVI had his director of finances carry out a program with a general tax with none being exempted, but was not accepted by the Parlement of Paris claiming only the three estates in an Estates General had authority to pass new taxes. Louis XVI tried to dissolve the parlements, but was met with revolt by nobles.
 * July 5, 1788- Louis XVI stated he would call the Estates General for the following May to represent the different classes.
 * The nobility, by forcing the Estates General to form, had initiated the Revolution against the absolutist king, wanted to be authority of the state.
 * Revolution! Third Estate did not want three seperate chambers in the Estates General- June 17 declared itself the "National Assembly" and signed the Oath of the Tennis Court June 20, 1789, not to disband until a constitution was made, and assumed virtually sovereign power without legal authority
 * Louis XVI chose the nobility over the Third Estate, failure of his leadership
 * Parisians storm the Bastille, with Louis XVI accepting the situation and making positive contributions
 * Assembly appoints Marquis de Lafayette, "the hero of two worlds" to command national guard in Paris, creating red, white, and blue tricolor insignia, emblem of the Revolution
 * Constituent Assembly begins in 1789 to take away church property
 * //Assignats//- negotiable instruments; first regarded as bonds and issued in large denominations, later regarded as currency and issued in small bills



Social/Economic
 * 18th century- Golden age of the West Indies in economics
 * Jean-Jaques Rousseau's //Social Contract// is published in 1762; his social contract between people, not people and government
 * Slave trade benefitted the US and England economically, increased tenfold from 1713 to 1792
 * Agricultural Revolution in England
 * Landowners experimenting with improved ways of farming to increase their money incomes
 * England became wealthy from its Agricultural Revolution in the 18th century, allowing it to initiate the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the 18th century
 * Britain had financial capital such as slave labor and colonies, as well as private property with enclosures
 * James Watt improved the steam engine, replacing water as the primary source of power in industry with faster production for increase in wealth.
 * Spinning jenny invented in the 1760s
 * Mechanized spinning wheel, enabled workers to increase their production of yarn
 * Samuel Crompton invents the spinning mule in 1779 with greater speed and increased control for better, faster production of goods for commerce and trade.
 * Trade, trade, trade! With new transportation technology and communications with nations, trade became easier and increased between countries, mainly being trans-atlantic trade
 * Adam Smith publishes //The Wealth of Nations,// which focuses on the economics of laissez-faire, an economy not influenced by government intervention with free trade, and no mercantilism. Smith believed that national wealth would increase by limiting or abolishing barriers that hindered growth.
 * Maria Theresa regulates serfdom in Austria during her reign
 * JosephII abolishes serfdom in Austria during his reign
 * Many of Joseph's reforms failed
 * Opposed by powerful social groups
 * Leally absolute rulers could perhaps not always do everything they wanted
 * Pugachev and followers wanted end to serfdom, taxes, and conscription; produced most violent widespread peasant revolt in Russian history
 * Reforms by Catherine the Great worsened serfdom in Russia
 * In Old Regime feudalism prevailed, but no serfdom. Church was the greatest of landowners
 * Prussia- social stratification
 * Nobles, peasants, and burghers lived side by side, but were segregated
 * Groups had different taxes and duties
 * Property and people legally classified
 * Little movement between groups
 * Military purpose behing group segregation:
 * Peasants: soldiers; Aristocrats: officers
 * Peasants: "hereditary subjects" of the lords
 * France plagued with inequality
 * France unable to tax nobility who resisted[[image:http://jaffee89.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/king-louis-xvi1.jpg width="208" height="300" align="right" caption="Louis XVI"]]
 * Three estates in France- the First Estate was the clergy, the Second Estate was the nobility, and the Third Estate was everyone else
 * In summoning the Estates General, the nobility had a liberal program in which they wanted a constitutional government, personal liberty for all, and more
 * Abbé Sieyès' //What is the Third Estate// launched January 1789 deemed the nobility useless and could be abolished
 * Labor riots broke out, peasants refusing to pay taxes
 * The Great Fear occurs in countryside, peasant uprisings to not pay nobles, with nobility afraid
 * Nobles surrender their feudal rights in August of 1789- feudalism later abolished
 * //Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen// codified political, social, and civil rights

Cultural/Intellectual
 * Voltaire's //Candide// (1757-59) Banned by 1759
 * Listed on //Index Librorum Prohibitorum// (Roman Catholic Church's list of probibited books) in 1762
 * Diderot completes publication of his //Encyclopédie// (1751-1772) with focus on enlightened ideals
 * Jean-Jaques Rousseau"s Discourses: on the //Arts and Sciences// in 1750 and on the //Origin of Inequality Among Men// in 1753
 * Said that civilization was the source of much evil
 * "state of nature" was better
 * Religion continued to be less a part of society, with the Enlightenment and rise of industrialism, many continued with Deism
 * Jesuits/Society of Jesus banned from most Catholic countries in 1760s, Pope Clement XIV persuaded in 1773 to dissolve the order completely; they were not "enlightened"; didliked by enlightened monarchs
 * Dissenters were looked "down" on by society, allowed only to be industrialists and entrepreneurs
 * Rococo Art- Carefree, Whimsical, and Happy
 * Jean Honore Fragonard (French)
 * "The Swing" 1776
 * James Watt's improvement to the steam engine proves fundamental to industrial revolution[[image:http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/cottonpix/watt%2010hp%20engine.gif width="266" height="242" align="right" caption="1787 Watt Steam Engine"]]
 * Invention of Samuel Cromption's spinning mule in 1779 created greater spinning speed with increased control for more production
 * Salons continued with enlightened gatherings
 * Philosophers began to write for "the publick," or the reading public that expanded, in the 1780s French literacy rates had risen 47% in men, and 27% in women.



Confused about the Revolution? Not for long... []

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