1556-1598

=﻿﻿1556-1598: The Peace of Augsburg to the Edict of Nantes = Jill Lanney and Rachel Pifer AP European History Midterm Review January 2011 

Chronology of Notable Events 1556-1598
**1562-1598:** Religious and civil wars in France **1565:** "Manilla Galleons" open Spanish trade route between Asia and America **1566:** Revolt against Spanish control begins in the Netherlands **1567:** Duke of Alva establishes Council of Troubles in the Netherlands which persecuted many protestants **1569:** Phillip II's forces put down Morisco revolts in Spain **1570:** Elizabeth excommunicated from the Catholic Church **1572**: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre **1579**: Union of Utrecht is formed by the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands (led by Holland and Zeeland) **1581:** Union of Utrecht formally declares independence from the king of Spain as the United Provinces of the Netherlands or the Dutch Republic **1585:** England enters war in the Netherlands on the side of the Dutch Republic <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1587:** Mary Queen of Scots was executed <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1588:** Spanish Armada (Armada Catolica) is destroyed off the coast of England and Scotland <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1589:** Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV of France <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1593:** Henry IV converts to Catholicism <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1598:** King Henry IV issues Edict of Nantes: grants religious rights to French Protestants
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">1556: **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> King Philip II begins rule in Spain
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1563: **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thirty-nine Articles in England defined the Anglican Church
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1571: **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Battle of Lepanto

==<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 160%;">Rulers<span style="color: #17b5de; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 160%;"> <span style="color: #17b5de; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 160%;"> <span style="color: #17b5de; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 160%;">  <span style="color: #17b5de; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 160%;">          == <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -4.5pt;">1553-1558 <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -4.5pt;">Elizabeth I <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -4.5pt;">1558-1603 ||= <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.75pt;">Francis II, <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.75pt;">1559-1560 <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.75pt;">Charles IX, <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.75pt;">1560-1574 <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.75pt;">Henry III, <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.75pt;">1574-1589 <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.75pt;">Henry IV, <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.75pt;">1589-1610 ||= <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Philip II <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1556-1598 ||= <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -3.05pt;">Ferdinand I, <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1556-1564 <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -3.05pt;">Maximilian II, <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -3.05pt;">1564-1576 <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -3.05pt;">Rudolph II, <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -3.05pt;">1576-1612 ||= <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in -5.4pt 0pt;">Philip II <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in -5.4pt 0pt;">1556-1598 ||= <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -4.05pt;">Ivan IV, the "Terrible," <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -4.05pt;">1533-1584 ||
 * = **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">ENGLAND ** ||= === FRANCE === ||= === SPAIN === ||= === HRE === ||= ===<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">NETHERLANDS === ||= ===RUSSIA=== ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -4.5pt;">Mary I,

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">﻿Political/Military:
==<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ==
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Increase in Colonization, especially in the Americas
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Phillip II controls Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal, and parts of Italy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Most countries ruled by absolute monarch
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Conflict in the Netherlands:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Philip II in control of the 17 provinces of the Netherlands; seen as foreigner
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1566: 200 nobles found a league to check "foreign" Spanish influence in the Netherlands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1566: Revolt begins in the Netherlands against Spanish rule; Philip II sends in the Inquisition and the Duke of Alva
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Alva's Council of Troubles (Council of Blood) sentenced thousands to death, levied new taxes, and confiscated the estates of important nobles
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">results in national opposition
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">William of Orange (William the Silent) emerges to lead opposition [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg/225px-WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg width="225" height="312" align="right" caption="William the Silent"]]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">authorized ship captains to make war at sea.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">"sea dogs", pirates, fishing crews raid ports in Netherlands and France
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1578: Prince of Parma becomes governor general of the Netherlands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1579:seven northern states rally to form Union of Utrecht
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1581: formally declare independence from king of Spain; called United Provinces of the Netherlands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">England (Queen Elizabeth) lends support to the Netherlands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1585: Elizabeth openly enters the war on the side of the rebels
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">sends 6,000 English troops to the Netherlands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Popular resentment against Catholicism, and support of Protestantism and anit-Spanish feeling
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1588: The Spanish Armada prepares to invade England; destroyed in the English Channel by English vessels
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Results:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">English assured their national independence through the wars with Spain
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">with the Spanish Armada destroyed, England is more free to take to the sea
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">war for control of Netherlands goes on for several years, even after Philip II died in 1598.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Relgious Civil Wars in France:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">There were factions between Huguenots and Catholics which eventually led to armed conflicts between the groups
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Huguenots were led by Henry of Bourbon, king of Navarre and Admiral de Coligny
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Catholics were led by the Guise Family
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Queen Catherine de' Medici first did not want to take sides but chose to in 1572 when the Huguenots were gaining power
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many Huguenots were gathered in Paris to celebrate the marriage of Henry of Navarre
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Catholic troops murdered thousands of Huguenots on St. Bartholomew's Day and the following weeks
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre led to a renewal of bloody civil war between the Catholics and Protestants
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Spain assisted Catholics and England gave very limited assistance to the Huguenots
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Politiques like Henry of Navarre decide that civil war must end and that peace is more important than religion
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1589: Henry of Navarre legally inherits the throne as husband of Henry II's daughter --> he rules as Henry IV
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Catholic's refused to accept him as king and civil war continued
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Henry realized that Protestants had become an unpopular minority and that, to rule successfully, he must be Catholic
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1593: Henry IV renounces Calvinism and becomes Catholic
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1598: Henry IV issues Edict of Nantes, granting Protestants to practice their religion in their own households or towns that were predominantly Protestant and gave equal civil rights to people of all religions.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Social/Economic:

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rise of Mercantilism
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Increase in Slave Trade
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rise of Commercialism
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Serfdom continues in Eastern Europe
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Increase in international trade
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Spain receives gold and silver from Spanish American Colonies which help finance its "Golden Age"
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hidalgos: Spanish nobles who were exempt from paying taxes and did not work. Therefore, they were unhelpful to the economy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rise of the bourgeoisie and middle class
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Population Growth
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Women were expected to work in the home and take care of the children
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Low life expectancy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Putting out system of production
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Decrease in Guilds

==<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ==

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cultural/Intellectual:
==<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ==
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Beginning of Scientific Revolution
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Keplar: discovered that the planets revolved around the sun in an elliptical motion
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Galileo: created an advanced telescope and did extensive research on astronomy and gravity[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bertini_fresco_of_Galileo_Galilei_and_Doge_of_Venice.jpg/220px-Bertini_fresco_of_Galileo_Galilei_and_Doge_of_Venice.jpg width="220" height="239" align="right"]]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Brahe: researched planetary movements which were later used by Keplar to prove the heliocentric view of the solar system
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bacon: philosopher, writer, and scientist whose ideas on empiricism, reason, knowledge, and God were extremely influential and progressive.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Vesalius: Flemish anatomist who modernized knowledge of human anatomy.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Increase in availability of education, but still mainly for upper classes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Renaissance spreading across Europe
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Politiques advocate for peace and realistic government policies in France
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Governments and religious institutions censor literature
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Catholic Church publishes the //Index// which lists banned works
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Protestant Reformation Continues
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">John Calvin spreads Calvinism across Europe
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">John Knox
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">England under Elizabeth I defines the Anglican Church with the Thirty-Nine Articles
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many French nobles become Protestant (called Huguenots) and converted the peasants in their areas to Calvinism
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Catholic Reformation/Counter Reformation Continues
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of thousands of French Huguenots in 1572
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Henry of Navarre escapes murder by temporarily changing religions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jesuits (Society of Jesus) go out into the world, establish schools for upper-middle class children, and reconvert people to Catholicism
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Witch Craze at its Height (especially in Germany and Central Europe)